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Realism is one of the most important philosophical books of the second half of the 20th century because of its metaphysical sophistication and the great progress it brings to the development of a form of direct realism that follows Brentano and Meinong. Bergmann's direct realism is systematic. It is thus set apart from the sketches of philosophical positions that are typically found in analytic philosophy. The book investigates the two alternative kinds of ontology,reistic and fact ontologies, and shows how the former kind leads to representationalism and idealism. In great detail it exposes the inner logic and the difficulties of representationalism and reconstructs the ontologies of Brentano and Meinong and their ensuing theories of knowledge. The question of how far they managed to overcome representationalism is a focus of the work. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1112 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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Gustav Bergmann had a major impact on contemporary philosophy as well as the philosophy and methodology of psychology. From 1967-68 he served as president of the American Philosophical Association (Western Division) and in 1972 he was awarded the first University of Iowa's named professorship in the College of Liberal Arts University of lowa's as Carver Professor. Bergmann died in 1987.

In the first of a planned three-volume collection, Bergmann emphasies the framework of a comprehensive ontology, a complete categorical inventory of the world. The issues with which he grapples include: Are there particulars as well as universals in ordinary things likes stones and clouds? Are the properties of ordinary things universals, or as minimalists hold, particular? Does an ordinary thing persist at one and the same time, or does it comprise a series of momentary entities? Are relations monadic or polyadic? Are sameness and diversity basic, or are they derived and definable?

In the second volume, Bergmann addresses themes of logic and reality. Here Bergmann goes beyond the distinction between analysis and synthesis into a study of intentional connections between mental states and the facts they purportedly intend. He combines these with two other elements: internationality and exemplification. These are brought together with logical conjunction and disjunction, which he considered as connections in reality and not just as mere symbols.

Volume 1: Metaphysics of Logical Positivism: 1. Remarks on Realism. 2. Sense Data, Linguistic Conventions and Existence. 3. Russell on Particulars. 4. On Nonperceptual Intuition, 5. A Note of Ontology. 6. Bodies, Minds, and Acts. 7. Two Types of Linguistic Philosophy. 8. The Identity of Indiscernibles and the Formalist Definition of "Identity." Logical Positivism, Language, and the Reconstruction of Metaphysics. 9. Meaning and Existence. 10. Particularity and the New Nominalism, 11. Some Remarks on the Ontology of Ockham, 12. Professor Quine on Analyticity, 13. Intentionality, 14. Russel's Examination of Leibni Examined, 15. The Revolut Against Logical Atomism, 16. Freg's Hidden Nominalism, 17. Sameness, Meaning, and Identity. Volume 2: 1. Acts, 2. Ineffability, Ontology, and Method, 3. Ontological Alternatives, 4. Inclusion, Exemplification, and Inherence in G. E. Moore, 5. Strawson's Ontology, 6. The Ontology of Edmund Husserl, 7. The Glory and Misery of Ludwig Wittgenstein, 8. Stenius on the Tractatus, 9. Synthetic A Priori, 10. Realistic Postscript, 11. Diversity, 12., Sketch of an Ontological Inventory, 13. Notes on an Ontology, 14. Notes on the Ontology of Minds.

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The texts of this book are concerned with Gustav Bergmanns open and new problems and their active role on issues in contemporary metaphysics, like the ontology of ties, connections and relations; problems of exemplification; substrates and tropes; theories, particulars, persistence; and the metaphysics of space, time, and existence. The purpose of the book is to provide some understanding of his central interests, but also to show the evolution of the actual scope of his thought.

 Bruno Langlet teaches philosophy at University of Provence.

Jean-Maurice Monnoyer has a Ph.D. in the Department of Philosophy and in the SEMa (séminaire de métaphysique d’Aix en Provence).