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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism. Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium in Wuppertal. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also carefully studied Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to take Frege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 191718, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis setting out an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, under Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space from a more orthodox Kantian point of view, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In 1921, Carnap wrote a letter to Bertrand Russell, who responded by copying out by hand long passages from his Principia Mathematica for Carnap's benefit, as neither Carnap nor Freiburg could afford a copy of this epochal work. In 1924 and 1925, he attended seminars led by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, and continued to write on physics from a logical positivist perspective. Carnap discovered a kindred spiri... More: http://booksllc.net/?id=57987 ... Read more

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Chapters: Kurt Gödel, Alfred Jules Ayer, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Karl Menger, Richard Von Mises, Louis Rougier, Moritz Schlick, Rose Rand, Eino Kaila, Edgar Zilsel, Gustav Bergmann, Herbert Feigl, Victor Kraft, Friedrich Waismann, Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Olga Taussky-Todd, Verification Theory, Olga Hahn-Neurath, Josef Frank. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 109. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Kurt Gödel (German pronunciation: ; April 28, 1906, Brno, Moravia, AustriaHungary January 14, 1978, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) was an Austrian logician, mathematician and philosopher. Later in his life he emigrated to the United States to escape WWII. One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when many, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead and David Hilbert, were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics. Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems, published in 1931 when he was 25 years of age, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna. The more famous incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (Peano arithmetic), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the axioms. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers. He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=16736 ... Read more

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Chapters: Hermann Ebbinghaus, Friedrich Engels, Johannes Rau, Rudolf Carnap, Matthias Kleinheisterkamp, Siegfried Palm, Sandy Mölling, Claus Luthe, Helmut Thielicke, Tom Tykwer, Tyron Montgomery, Pina Bausch, Karl Bömelburg, Julius Dorpmüller, Günter Wand, Sulamith Wülfing, Alice Schwarzer, Daniel Hermann, Carolina Hermann, Christoph Maria Herbst, Walter Simons, Alan Glen, Rita Süssmuth, Ulrich Leyendecker, Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Simone Osygus, Joachim Zahn, Karsten Hutwelker, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Ernst Gadermann, Alexander Marx, Carl Von Liebermeister, Adolf Schulten, Linda Kisabaka, August Maus, Werner Josten, Jens Seipenbusch, Stefan Prein, Wolfgang Abendroth, Steffen Möller, Otto Kohlrausch, Tim Klinger, Willi Stöhr, August Von Der Heydt, Ilia Trilling, Martin Gauger, Wilfried Sauerland, Alfred Enneper, Dieter Klöcker, Gerd Aretz. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 183. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Friedrich Engels (German pronunciation: ; 28 November 1820 5 August 1895) was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Engels also edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death. Friedrich Engels was born in Barmen, Rhine Province of the kingdom of Prussia (now part of Wuppertal in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) as the elder son of a German textile manufacturer, with whom he had a strained relationship. Due to family circumstances, Engels dropped out of high school and was sent to work as a nonsalaried office clerk at a commercial house in Bremen in 1838. During this time, Engels began reading the philosophy of Hegel, whose teachings had dominated German philosophy at the time. In September 1838, he published his first work, a p...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=47096 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Gottlob Frege, Rudolf Carnap, Roland Freisler, Alexander Von Humboldt, Georg Ernst Stahl, Matthias Claudius, Johann Matthias Gesner, Johann Friedrich Herbart, Robert Döpel, Ferdinand Tönnies, Francis Lieber, Friedrich Carl Von Savigny, Johann Stephan Pütter, Samuel Von Pufendorf, Adolf Bastian, Hans-Joachim Von Merkatz, Hermann Samuel Reimarus, John Lhotsky, Franz Overbeck, Justus Henning Böhmer, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Johann Gustav Stickel, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Erich Kästner, Ernst Abbe, Wilhelm Solf, Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi, Hermann Fol, Samuel Mikovíny, August Gottlieb Spangenberg, Rudolf Günsberg, Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay, Adolf Slaby, Arnold Genthe, Elisabeth Blochmann, Walter Reppe, Christa Wolf, Carl Zeiss, Carl Murphy, Lorenz Von Stein, Johann Smidt, Jakob Friedrich Fries, Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, Georg Heinrich Von Görtz, Heinrich Leo, Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees Von Esenbeck, Heinrich Von Gagern, Gustav Cohn, Friedrich Hund, August Leskien, Friedrich Karl Von Tettenborn, Johann Andreas Segner, Arnold Ruge, Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Arne Somersalo, Otto Reche, Charles Crodel, Peter Griess, Franz Aepinus, Gottfried Achenwall, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Georg Von Der Gabelentz, Wilhelm Traugott Krug, Gottlieb Hufeland, Christian Ludwig Brehm, Manfred Stolpe, Kaspar Von Barth, Roberto Simanowski, Johann Peter Süssmilch, George M.a. Hanfmann, Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse, Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann, Samuel Ludwik Zasadius, Caspar Neumann, Herzl Berger, Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, Johannes Schmidt, Ernst Zinner, Ashbel P. Fitch, Gottfried Kirch, Johann Gottfried Gruber, Hans Prutz, Georg Balthasar Metzger, Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner, Heinrich Wilhelm Von Gerstenberg, Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel, Johann ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=70631 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Erwin Schrödinger, Max Weber, Rudolf Carnap, Franc Miklošič, Theodor Escherich, Franz Brentano, Konrad Lorenz, Willibald Jentschke, Josef Schintlmeister, Georg Stetter, Anton Zeilinger, Carl Braun, Martin A. Hainz, Joseph Škoda, Otto Brunner, Günter P. Wagner, Karl Lintner, Theodor Billroth, Anna Goldfeder, Hugh J. Silverman, Baron Carl Von Rokitansky, Albert of Saxony, Rudolf Von Jhering, Guido Goldschmiedt, Vatroslav Jagić, Theodor Innitzer, Victor Conrad, Theodor Meynert, Lorenz Von Stein, Johann Radon, Matija Murko, Radoslav Katičić, Hans Fischer, Nikolaus Hofreiter, Hieronymus Balbus, Gerd Müller, Salomon Stricker, Theodor Von Oppolzer, Karl Schlögl, Manfred Bietak, Sigmund Exner, Kunibert Raffer, Lujo Brentano, Ferdinand Ritter Von Hebra, Otto Reche, Ernst Wilhelm Von Brücke, Francis Karl Alter, Bruno Thüring, Moritz Benedikt, Thomas Ebendorfer, Anton Eiselsberg, Carl Wedl, Engelbert Mühlbacher, Karel Frederik Wenckebach, Oskar Morgenstern, Andreas Von Ettingshausen, Peter Štih, Markus Aspelmeyer, Georg Holzer, Alois Musil, Leopold Von Schrötter, Wilhelm Scherer, Henry Widdowson, Martin Kusch, Eugene Guth, Peter R. Hofstätter, Ludwig Türck, Anton Füster, Alexander Kolisko, Alfred Fröhlich, Leopold Ritter Von Dittel, Karl Stellwag Von Carion, Arnold Gehlen, Gustav Gärtner, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Carl Ferdinand Von Arlt, Alfons Von Rosthorn, Johann Peter Frank, Eduard Von Hofmann, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Johann Von Dumreicher, Anton Weichselbaum, Carl Gussenbauer, Friedrich Schauta, Hermann Bonitz, Otto Jaekel, Josip Hamm, Edmund Hlawka, Josef Kyrle, Ludwig Radermacher, Eduard Jäger Von Jaxtthal, Johannes Vahlen, Joseph Aschbach, Theodor Von Sickel, Kurt Reidemeister, Rudolf Chrobak, Johann Ritter Von Oppolzer, Adalbert Duchek, Konstantin Josef Jireče...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=19455 ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Vienna Circle dogma
I want to comment only on this story (ch. 1):

"Hans Driesch [was] famed for his work on organismic responses, including generation is sea urchins. He cut off parts of their bodies and observed under what conditions they were able to grow new parts. ... I and my friends at the Vienna Circle did not regard so highly ... his way of explaining such biological processes ... He postulated what he called an 'entelechy.' ... Driesch said, in effect: 'The entelechy is a certain specific force that causes living things to behave in the way they do. But you must not think of it as a physical force such as gravity or magnetism. Oh, no, nothing like that.' ... The point I wish to emphasise here is this: it is not sufficient, for purposes of explanation, simply to introduce a new agent by giving it a new name. You must also give laws. Driesch did not give laws."

I should like to advice against such dictatorial cleansing of the world of science, for it would send to only Driesch to the firing squad but also Galileo and Newton, whose use of the concept of friction was quite analogous to Driesch's use of entelechy. They too did not give laws or make any predictions. Modern-day Carnapians will try to counter this objection. Perhaps they will say: if you study free fall in a vacuum then things fall equally fast; thus the theory of friction successfully predicts at least its own absence. But, alas, Drieschians can counter: if you cut a leg off a table it won't grow back; thus the theory of entelechy successfully predicts its own absence as well. The Carnapian may try: polishing something reduces friction; that's a prediction of sorts. But then again: letting something age reduces entelechy. ... Read more