Product Description
Rational examination of the Old Testament to show that freedom of thought and speech is consistent with the religious life. True religion consists in practice of simple piety, independent of philosophical speculation. Also unfinished essay on theory of government founded on common consent. One of Spinoza’s most important works. R. Elwes translation.
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Customer Reviews (14)

Invaluable addition to any Spinoza Library
This is a wonderful translation of one of Benedict De Spinoza's most important works. Here he explains in great detail not only the Biblical exegesis for which he was excommunicated, but also expounds with great richness and unique insight on political systems. A seminal work in the history of thought, providing marvelous insight into one of the great minds in human history.A very good introduction goes very thoroughly into detail about the discrepancies between what he published and what he might truly have thought.

Philosophy, the Elite, and the Future
"Men would never be superstitious, if they could govern all their circumstances by set rules, or if they were always favored by fortune..." Thus begins one of the greatest books in the history of philosophy. Spinoza is an esoteric writer; he doesn't shout everything he has to say, though an attentive reader has a chance, however slight, to discern at least part of it. The existence of this philosophical-political esotericism, first adequately described by Leo Strauss (in "Spinoza's Critique of Religion"), is now on the verge of becoming generally accepted. For a very good example of this new, but qualified, acceptance of Spinoza's esotericism from a left/postmodern perspective, check out the recent collection of essays, "The New Spinoza", edited by Montag & Stolze, especially the essay by Andre Tosel.

But the history of Spinoza reception is another story and another review. Many modern readers of Spinoza speak with vague unease about Spinoza's 'elitism', supposing it to be but another slight of the poor, weak and uneducated; we can perhaps begin to gauge the full length, breadth and depth of this philosophical 'elitism', and its true target, in a focused reading of the opening pages of the Preface to the Theologico-Political Treatise. "The human mind is readily swayed this way or that in times of doubt, especially when hope and fear are struggling for the mastery, though usually it is boastful, over-confident, and vain." Thus the problem with Man is not, strictly speaking, merely a lack of knowledge (and therefore the problem is not merely a lack of education) but also, and perhaps most importantly, a lack of self-control.

Immediately, Spinoza follows this sentence by saying, "[t]his as a general fact I suppose everyone knows, though few, I believe, know their own nature..." There is a disconnect not only between knowing and doing but also between 'knowing' in general and knowing oneself. In order to do good how important is it to know yourself? There are several ways to understand this. One possible way is to say that even those ('sainted' elites) that 'know' are, nevertheless, unable to control their emotional behavior. Perhaps it is even this emotiveness that is especially vulnerable to superstition...

But men, "in prosperity, are so over-brimming with wisdom [...] that they take every offer of advice as a personal insult"! Still, we are not surprised to read that "...superstition's chief victims are those persons who greedily covet temporal advantages...". (Note that it is not chiefly ordinary people that 'greedily covet temporal advantages' nor is it said that they are 'in prosperity'.) And, a little later, we learn that these people "are wont with prayers and womanish tears to implore help from God...".Indeed, Spinoza, when giving an example of this despicable behavior under duress turns to no less an exemplar than Alexander the Great - and his superstitious seeking of advice from seers. Now, the use of Alexander in this regard is a vital clue in our attempt to understand Spinoza's esotericism (i.e., his 'political' philosophy). The question is this: If Spinoza is indeed an elitist, exactly what is the position that can look down on not only the common people but also the actual 'elite'; i.e., the religious and political leaders?

Well, of course, Spinoza is a philosopher; indeed he is one of the greatest. This understanding of philosophy, as the heights from which one looks down on everyone, is an old one. See, for instance, Averroes (in the so-called 'Decisive Treatise') for an overt example of the philosophical attempt to control a faction of the medieval elite (i.e., the theologians) with another faction of the medieval elite - the Islamic Jurists. Also, one should of course consider Machiavelli's Prince for a somewhat more circumspect (or covert) example of philosophy attempting to control the direction of politics and the political elite. Spinoza's decision to view politics and theology (or politicians and theologians) as dangers that need to be moderated philosophically is thus not unprecedented. Also, on this line of thought one should perhaps also take into account Nietzsche who, in the 'Genealogy of Morals', seems to go so far as to present history itself as a struggle between priestly and warrior noble castes...

In electing to use Alexander as an example of superstition Spinoza is indicating that philosophy is above both religion and politics. Indeed, Spinoza continues in a (ahem) 'Nietzschean' vein and says, "that prophets have most power among the people, and are most formidable to rulers, precisely at those times when the state is in most peril. I think this is sufficiently plain to all, and will therefore say no more on the subject." Well perhaps not entirely plain; this basically says, for those that have ears to hear: 'Statesman! Either satisfy the common people or forfeit your right to rule to the prophets and their theologians.' Thus the 'war' between priestly and warrior castes was quietly noted, by Spinoza, long before Nietzsche. As an aside I should perhaps note that one also finds oneself (perhaps) nervously asking, at this point, are people today 'satisfied'?

Kojeve, the architect of the most recent apotheosis of the political (i.e., the Universal Homogenous State), seems to confirm this interpretation (in his "Introduction to the Reading of Hegel") by saying that as "long as History continues, or as long as the perfect State is not realized [...] the opposition of these two points of view (the "philosophical" and the religious or theological) is inevitable." Of course Kojeve, following a Hegel that never existed, attempts to convince us that politics and philosophy are exactly the same and that theology was ever nothing. His mistake, from the viewpoint of philosophy, can perhaps be said to be that he took sides in the interminable war between elites. ...But that is another story. However, Kojeve is correct insofar as he is understood to be maintaining that there is an unbridgeable gulf between the political and the religious...

Back to Spinoza. Satisfying the common people seems to be easier said than done. In a terrifyingly memorable passage - that is both a diagnosis and a prophecy - Spinoza writes, "[f]or, as the mass of mankind remains always at about the same pitch of misery, it never assents long to any one remedy, but is always best pleased by a novelty which has not yet proved illusive." Thus, given the perpetual emotional dissatisfaction of the people, Spinoza seems to be indicating that no one ever rules for long. He also seems to be indicating that emotions (at least among the 'mass of mankind') are uncontrollable and that the people are, in the long run, unsatisfiable. (...So exactly what is Enlightenment - and exactly why is Spinoza supporting it? ...Hmmm.)

"Superstition, then, is engendered, preserved and fostered by fear", Spinoza had earlier said. But fear is an opportunity for philosophy, I mean for philosophical intervention. Machiavelli (in 'The Prince', chapter 6), after all, had already confirmed that the oppression, dissatisfaction and dispersal of the people was, above all, an opportunity for the creative One. Spinoza says that, "Prophets have most power among the people, and are most formidable to rulers, precisely at those times when the state is in most peril." The fundamental argument (and struggle), of course, between philosophers and the political-religious elites, seems to be over the exact identity of the creative One. For the religiously inclined the creative one is God and those who act in his name, for the politically 'pious' the creative one is the (hereditary, patriotic or revolutionary) 'Prince'. For Machiavelli, Spinoza, and Nietzsche one suspects that, 'behind the scenes and between the lines', the creative one (the bringer of New Modes and Orders, to quote Machiavelli) can only be the philosopher.

Spinoza continues, quoting Curtius (the historian of Alexander): "The mob has no ruler more potent than superstition," and Spinoza immediately adds, "and is easily led, on the plea of religion, at one moment to adore its kings as gods, and anon to execrate and abjure them as humanity's common bane." Thus 'superstition' would seem potentially to be either a weapon of the religious or the political... This is a warning; but to exactly whom seems to be a bit unclear. I should mention that it is not impossible to read Machiavelli, with his high praise of ancient pagan religion, to be indicating much the same: that is, the necessary permanence of superstition. ...But, exactly what can and can't be done with superstition?

The way out of this (seemingly) unpredictable and uncontrollable mess? One possible solution, according to Spinoza, is given by the 'Turk'. They have instituted a system that invests "religion, whether true or false, with such pomp and ceremony, that it may rise superior to every shock..." Of course, as Spinoza indicates, this absolutism leaves no room for either individual freedom or a thoughtful philosophy. But then Spinoza adds, "yet in a free state no more mischievous expedient could be planned or attempted." So, after discussing (and discounting) the possibility of theocracy (the Turks) Spinoza advocates the system allegedly reigning in Amsterdam: freedom and commerce. (Whew!)

Now, in case some have been asleep for the past 300 years, I will point out that the rise of democracy was not always accomplished peaceably, nor, after its rise, has it been able to always maintain the peace. The test of being able to maintain the peace that Spinoza flings in the face of the Religion of his times can today, with equal appropriateness, be flung in the face of politics. I of course mean all politics. ...But that too is another book and another review.

Spinoza can be said to here begin a process that leads to us. I hope I have begun the process of showing that the target of Spinoza's contempt was not the common people, but the ignorance and weakness of all their tormenters. I also want to note, given both the nature of these elites and also the perpetual suffering of the people, that all solutions are transient. And that the early-modern philosophical turn to the politicos, made in the teeth of ceaseless religious war, was only a maneuver. Over the past century philosophy found itself again in an era of civil wars, revolutions and world wars; - one wonders where philosophy will now turn in its never-ending struggle to moderate elites...

Who will write the next Theologico-Political Treatise that will do to political Ideology what Spinoza here does to religious Revelation? Where is the next 'novelty'?

As important as ever
Spinoza's monumental treatise on God, the Bible and the Society is one of the founderstones of modern thought, and does not need any new reviews. Many ideas expressed in the book can serve as models for standpoints also today in the intellectual debate about matters of religious freedom, critical analysis of texts and ideas, and political theory. The English translation in the Gebhardt Edition is clear and easily understood, and the book can be read without feeling the three centuries that have passed since the original was published in Latin. In the context of a new emerging wave of religious fundamentalism on one hand, and post-modernist denials of the importance of Reason on the other, the book is as important as ever to the intellectual heritage of modern Society.

A GREAT AND RELEVANT WORK OF GENIUS
There are two points about the treatise I wish to talk about.

Spinoza's view of miracles in the Bible (Old Testament).He took up a trend that began years before.Maimonidese, for example, gives species survival, not Sin in the Garden, as the
reason for death.Spinoza takes all alerations in natural law
stated in the Bible to be poetic or symbolic, not real and not consistent with the Nature of God.

Secondly, Spinoza defends democracy over other forms of government is that in democracies there are numerous factions,
and it is difficult for any one faction to grain arbitrary power
as to engage in wars.For example, though not mentioned by Spinoza, Peter The Great saw one year alone as Czar when Russia was not at war.Spinoza thinks this sort of thing less probable in democratic government. Democracy's value is that it leadss to free, unhindered discussion of matters at hand.He does not exactly say it, but I think Spinoza took free and open discussion of issues as the principal "Sine qua non" of democracy. This is quite relevant to current US foreign and domestic policy.In early 2006 Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government publish a study by a
Harvard professor and another from U of Chicago on the Israel lobby;the study contends that US foreign policy is dictated by The Lobby, meaning Jewish pressure groups acting on Congress and the White House regardless of political party.The professors contend that free discussion and debate are impossible when "The Lobby" has a particular position. Congressmen and Senators live in fear of Jewish funding of opponents, smear tactics and other similar actions. They describe the Prime Minister in Israel as saying he had President Bush (the second) "wrapped around his finger."The Giant Question is:within Spinoza's notion of democracy, does Judaism de facto oppose democratic government and is Judaism inconsistent with democratic/representative government in a diverse democracy?The answer is of utmost importance.Another aspect of democracy is defended by Spinoza's argument for free and open and fearless debate is that fundamental decisions that shape society and direct governmental actions will be done in this open, fearless, free environment.The Suypreme Court's string of decisions starting in 1940 making states subject to the "Bill of Rights" is the antithesis of democracy.

Spinoza is a great introduction to real thought.And the Tretise is not difficult reading at all.

A great assignment for High School government or History.

A deconstruction of the bible as a plea for religious freedom
This book came out in 1670 in a Holland that was a haven of freedom in a Europe under religious terror. Spinoza's relatives in Portugal had been murdered by the inquisition. When he was born, German catholics and protestants were fighting a 30-year war that cut Germany's population in half. 20 years before in Italy, Giordano Bruno had been burned at the stake for heresy, and France had been ravaged by its 16th-century religious wars. Religious violence abated only slowly after Spinoza's death, with
the Salem witchcraft trials 16 years later. On 7/1/1766, after failing to salute a catholic procession in Paris, an 19-year old boy had his tongue pulled out, and was beheaded and burned with a copy of a book found in his room! Today's death threats to Danish cartoonists hint at what Spinoza's world was like, and the courage it took for him to confront it. Besides living in Holland, Spinoza further protected his freedom by staying single, living with the bare minimum of possessions, and seeking no official post or recognition.

The point of this book, as announced in the preface, is that, as was practiced in his beloved Dutch republic, freedom of religion can be granted without prejudice to public peace and that, "without such freedom, piety cannot flourish nor the public peace be secure." Today, this point is obvious: the G7 countries, all have freedom of religion, and five of them -- the US, Japan, France, Italy and Canada -- have separation of church and state. In Spinoza's day, it wasn't, and he couldn't make his case based on empirical evidence. Instead, he makes it by deconstructing the Bible using Descartes' method, which is an astonishing choice. If Machiavelli, for example, had undertaken to prove the same point, he certainly would not have done it this way.

Spinoza spent his childhood memorizing the Torah in Hebrew, at the time and in the city where Descartes lived, and his fascination with Descartes is obvious even if their metaphysics disagree. One of Descartes' own applications of his method was on the art of cutting glasses for optics, which is how Spinoza earned his modest living. Among the many astonishing finds in this book is how, by simply reasoning on the original text, Spinoza arrived at conclusions on the authorship of the early books of the bible that nearly match those of modern scholars like Abba Eban, who have had full access to archeological evidence. ... Read more

Product Description
Written by the philosopher and pantheist Baruch Spinoza, the Theologico-Political Treatise or Tractatus Theologico-Politicus was an early criticism of religious intolerance and a defense of secular government. In particular, it was a preemptive defense of his later work, Ethics (published posthumously in 1677), for which Spinoza anticipated harsh criticism. It was written in New Latin.

In the treatise, Spinoza put forth his most systematic critique of Judaism, and all organized religion in general. To Spinoza, all "revealed" religion had to be analyzed on the basis of reason, not simply blind faith.

He reinterpreted the belief that there were such things as prophecy, miracles, or supernatural occurrences. He argued that God acts solely by the laws of "his own nature". He rejected the view that God had a particular end game or purpose to advance in the course of events; to Spinoza, those who believed so were only creating a delusion for themselves out of fear.

Spinoza was particularly attuned to the idea of interpretation; he felt that all organized religion was simply the institutionalized defense of particular interpretations. He rejected the view that Moses composed first five books of the Bible, called the Pentateuch by Christians or Torah by Jews, in their entirety. He provided an analysis of the structure of the Bible which demonstrated that it was essentially a compiled text with many different authors and diverse origins; in his view, it was not "revealed" all at once.

The treatise also rejected the Jewish notion of "choseness"; to Spinoza, all peoples are on par with each other, as God has not elevated one over the other. Spinoza also offered a sociological explanation as to how the Jewish people had managed to survive for so long, despite facing relentless persecution. In his view, th ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Terrible
I feel as though I wasted my money.No index.No table of contents.This book is a joke version of the Treatise. ... Read more

Product Description
From Preface:

"Selections usually need no justifications. Some justification, however, of the treatment accorded Spinoza's Ethics may be necessary in this place. The object in taking the Ethics as much as possible out of the geometrical form, was not to improve upon the author's text; it was to give the lay reader a text of Spinoza he would find pleasanter to read and easier to understand. To the practice of popularization, Spinoza, one may confidently feel, would not be averse. He himself gave a short popular statement of his philosophy in the Political Treatise.

Product Description
This enormous (11 megabyte) file includes 11 books: Medieval Hebrew (featuring The Midrash and medieval collections of Jewish biblilcal lore and legend), Tales and Maxims from the Midrash by Samuel Rapaport, The Sayings of the Jewish Fathers (Pirke Abot), Kitab al Khazari by Judah Hallevi, the Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg, Philo-Judaeus of alexandria by Norman Bentwich, The guide for the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides, The Ethics by Benedict de [Baruch] Spinoza, Chapters on Jewish Literature by Israel Abahams,, and The Renascence of Hebrew Literature (1743-1885) by Nahum Slouschz. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (6)

WhatA Deal
Reviewed by Ed Vasicek, Author of The Midrash Key: Pinpointing the Old Testament Texts from Which Jesus Preached

What a deal for Kindle!The word search option is amazing.Still, without page numbers, it can be hard to reference.

My interest is in the Jewish Roots of Christianity and interpreting the Second Testament in light of such roots, so I find this a valuable. tool.

Very poorly produced e-book, don't buy it
I was very excited to get all these books to my kindle, but the result was a great disappointment. All the other reviewers are really polite, I would say...

This file I am able to open on my kindle does not have active table of contents, it is impossible to go from one book to another, in fact it is even impossible to be sure all the promised books are in this file.

To summarize, such a file is useless as it can not be used.

TA

Classics of Judaism
This kindel book has all the material advertised. However, it is somewhat awkward finding specific books and places to read. The reader has to struggle a bit to find the material in which he/she is interested.

Somewhat disappointed
I am disappointed by discovering that it is impossible to copy a book from Kindle to Office - in order to easily read it, easily go from page to page or copy some sentences to another Office file. That is - to work with the text.

Invaluable books but abysmal T.O.C.
All of these books are indeed important but the formatting leaves MUCH to be desired.The file is huge and you need highly motivated (and patient) to navigate you way around. ... Read more

Product Description
Ethics is a philosophical book written by Baruch Spinoza. It was written in Latin. Although it was published posthumously in 1677, it is his most famous work, and is considered his magnum opus.

The style and system of the book is, as Spinoza says, "demonstrated in geometrical order", with axioms and definitions followed by propositions. (Quote from wikipedia.org)

About the Author

Baruch de Spinoza (1632 - 1677)
Baruch de Spinoza Portuguese: Bento de Espinosa, Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza) (November 24, 1632 - February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, Spinoza is also considered one of Western philosophy's definitive ethicists.

Spinoza lived quietly as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honours throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions, and gave his family inheritance to his sister. Spinoza's moral character and philosophical accomplishments prompted 20th-century philosopher Gilles Deleuze to name him "The absolute philosopher" (Deleuze, 1990). Spinoza died in February 1677 of a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis caused by fine glass dust inhaled while tending to his trade. (Quote from wikipedia.org)

About the Publisher

Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Myth ... Read more

Product Description
An Anthology of Secular Humanistic Jewish Thought ... Read more

Product Description
Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Lettre à Schuller, Traité Théologico-Politique, Éthique, Conatus, Pensées Métaphysiques, Traité de La Réforme de L'entendement, Court Traité, Traité Politique. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Baruch Spinoza, également connu sous les noms de Bento de Espinosa ou Benedictus de Spinoza (né le 24 novembre 1632, Amsterdam, Pays-Bas - mort le 21 février 1677, La Haye) était un philosophe néerlandais dont la pensée eut une influence considérable sur ses contemporains et nombre de penseurs postérieurs. Issu d'une famille marrane, Spinoza fut un héritier critique du cartésianisme. Il prit ses distances vis-à-vis de toute pratique religieuse, mais non de la réflexion théologique, grâce à ses nombreux contacts interreligieux. Après sa mort, le spinozisme, condamné en tant que doctrine athée, eut une influence durable. Gilles Deleuze le surnommait le « Prince des philosophes », tandis que Nietzsche le qualifiait de , notamment en raison de son refus de la téléologie. Baruch Spinoza est né à Amsterdam le 24 novembre 1632 dans une famille juive d'origine portugaise. Son prénom « Baruch » (qu'il latinisera en Benedictus - Benoît), signifie « béni » en hébreu. À cette époque, la communauté juive portugaise d'Amsterdam est essentiellement composée de Marranes (juifs de la péninsule Ibérique convertis au christianisme, ayant pour la plupart secrètement maintenu une pratique partielle du judaïsme) ayant fui l'Inquisition et le climat d'intolérance envers les convertis. Loin de l'Espagne, la plupart d'entre eux reviennent au judaïsme. Ils sont bien tolérés et insérés dans la société néerlandaise. Ils parlent en néerlandais avec leurs concitoyens non-juifs, utilisent entre eux le portugais dans la vie courante, et l...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

Product Description
Baruch Spinoza's Ethics. Translated by R. H. M. Elwes. Masonic edition by R. J. Perez-Franco. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Free-thinking masons can use this as their volume of the sacred law
I used this masonic edition of the Ethics as the volume of the sacred law in my lodge when I took upon myself the obligation of Master Mason. As a matter of fact, I used the Ethics for all of my three degrees. In my batch, two other guys were taking their degrees: one used the Bible (the 'default' volume of sacred law in most lodges), another used the Koran, and I used the Ethics. All three were given the same respect from the Marshall in opening, closing, etc.

This is a great option to serve as volume of sacred law for freemasons that, despite a belief in a superior entity, do not want to place themselves within the tradition of any major religion. ... Read more

Product Description
Classic of philosophy, first published in 1670. According to Wikipedia: "Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza(November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes' mind–body dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy's most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." All of Spinoza's works were listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) by the Roman Catholic Church. Spinoza lived quietly as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honors throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions, and gave his family inheritance to his sister." ... Read more

Product Description
Spinoza took the unorthodox view that God an eternal and infinite being is identical with the world. We are therefore ourselves merely parts of the Deity. Human fulfillment is possible he believed only by rejecting our finite flawed selves and identifying with the eternal within us. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

That's a nice brief overview.
I am a student at a Christian school. During my studies I had a lot of courses of philosophy. And I should acknowledge that philosophy of Baruch Spinoza was one (may be the only) obscure theme at the classes. His worldview is very hard to understand. I suppose that is the main reason of a variety of opinions concerning his philosophical system. The authors of The Giants of Philosophy have done a nice and successful attempt to present his worldview and life story in a brief and clear manner. I have found many interesting facts about his personality despite takingcourses and reading Spinoza's treaties previously. If you want to get a good overview of well known philosophers' lives and their systems I suggest you to get this audiobook set. It's worth and very good in helping you to save your time while travelling or doing household work. Try yourself! ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Johannes Vermeer, Hendrick Avercamp, Baruch Spinoza, Frans Hals, Henricus Regius, Nicolaes Berchem, Dirck Van Baburen, Jacob Adriaensz. Backer, Pieter de Hooch, Otto Marseus Van Schrieck, Pieter Stuyvesant, Andries Both, Wouter Crabeth Ii, Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt, Pieter Codde, Pieter de Grebber, Frédéric-Henri D'orange-Nassau, Johannes de Laet, Cornelis de Graeff, Franciscus Gomarus, Cornelis Evertsen, Johan de Witt, Willem Pietersz. Buytewech, Lambert Doomer, Frans Van Schooten, Dirck Hals, Jan Mytens, Gaspard Van Baerle, Jessé de Forest, Andries de Graeff, Paulus Moreelse, Adriaen Block, Jan Miense Molenaer, Gerard Ter Borch, Pieter Van Den Broecke, Saskia Van Uylenburgh, Gerrit Berckheyde, Osias Beert, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, Jan Huygen Van Linschoten, Pierre Minuit, Jacob Cats, Dierick Ruiter, Sebastiaen Jansen Krol, Anna Visscher, Cornelis Claesz Van Wieringen, Pieter Van Der Werff, Cornelis Bega, Jacob Binckes, Gérard Van Bathem, Jan Goedart, Paul Barbette, Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero, Adriaan Pauw, Balthazar Gerbier, Adriaen Van Der Donck, Cornelis Bloemaert, Willem Kieft, Joris Van Spilbergen, Olfert Dapper, Wouter Van Twiller, Willem Verhulst, Gerhard Noodt, Cornelis Jacobszoon May, Gaspar Fagel, Corneille Van Aarsen, Melchior D'hondecoeter, Pieter Van Ruijven, Bernard Van Risamburgh, Andries de Witt, Jan Van Baam, Anthonie Beerstraeten. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Baruch Spinoza, également connu sous les noms de Bento de Espinosa ou Benedictus de Spinoza (né le 24 novembre 1632, Amsterdam, Pays-Bas - mort le 21 février 1677, La Haye) était un philosophe néerlandais dont la pensée eut une influence considérable sur ses contemporains et nombre de penseurs postérieurs. Issu d'une ...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: Baruch Spinoza, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Mordecai Kaplan, Baal Shem Tov, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Max Scheler, Charles Hartshorne, Arthur Peacocke, Neale Donald Walsch, Matthew Fox, Marcus Borg, John A. T. Robinson. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 131. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (Hebrew: , Portuguese: , Latin: ) (November 24, 1632 February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes' mindbody dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy's most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." Though Spinoza was active in the Dutch Jewish community and extremely well-versed in Jewish texts, his controversial ideas eventually led community leaders to issue a cherem (Hebrew: , a kind of excommunication) against him, effectively dismissing him from Jewish society at age 23. Some historians argue that the Roman Catholic Church forced them to do so. Other historians, notably Richard Popkin, question the historical veracity of the documents claiming Spinoza was issued a cherem, which emerged close to 300 years after Spinoza's death. Likewise, all of Spinoza's works were listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) by the Roman Catholic Church. Spinoza lived qui...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3408 ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Paul Verhoeven, Hendrick Avercamp, Baruch Spinoza, Tom Okker, Johan Cruijff, Patrick Kluivert, Jan Derk Domela Nieuwenhuis Nyegaard, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Charles Judels, Jan Baptist Weenix, Peter Churchill, Isaac Titsingh, Marten Rudelsheim, Dave, Jan Weenix, Ed Van Der Elsken, Jean-Philippe Roothaan, Badr Hari, Dennis Bergkamp, Mario Melchiot, Frits Bolkestein, Henk Ten Cate, Marga Scheide, Louis Van Gaal, Kamil Rustam, Karel Dujardin, Gilbert Yvel, Bernard Haitink, Jeroen Krabbé, Robert Rensenbrink, Jacob Van Heemskerk, Cornelis de Graeff, Johan Van Der Keuken, Ruud Krol, Mbark Boussoufa, André Ooijer, Richard Witschge, Abraham de Wicquefort, Kees Vlak, Cyrus Frisch, Bryan Roy, Lambert Doomer, Edo de Waart, Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Corrie Ten Boom, Jan Van Huysum, Karel Bonsink, Andries de Graeff, Rinus Michels, Ryan Babel, Danny Hesp, Jan Swammerdam, Adriaen Block, Daan Jippes, Eglon Van Der Neer, Candy Dulfer, Dirck Volkertszoon Coornhert, Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Trijntje Oosterhuis, Nigel de Jong, Vopiscus Fortunatus Plempius, Petra Burka, Frederik Zernike, Sjaak Swart, Co Adriaanse, Simon Bischop, Gregory Van Der Wiel, Arnon Grünberg, Coenraad Johannes Van Houten, Frans Brüggen, Leo Lionni, Rinus Israël, Athanase Coquerel, Rop Gonggrijp, Bartel Leendert Van Der Waerden, Jeremain Lens, René Froger, Alphons Diepenbrock, Willem Frederik Hermans, Jan Timman, Corneille de Pauw, Jordi Cruijff, Denny Landzaat, Willem Roelofs, Gerard Reve, Reinier Nooms, Paul Josef Crutzen, Thorwald Veneberg, Govard Bidloo, Meindert Hobbema, Jan Jongbloed, Abraham Van Der Hulst, Tarik Oulida, Tim Krabbé, Martinus Willem Beijerinck, Angelo Martha, Frédéric Devreese, Multatuli, David Alexandre Winter, Wim Ruska, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, ...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

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Chapters: Baruch Spinoza, Frank Lloyd Wright, Giordano Bruno, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thomas Hardy, Zeno of Citium, Mordecai Kaplan, Don Mclean, Pete Seeger, Amalric of Bena, Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, Richard Jefferies, John Toland, Robinson Jeffers, Ian Anderson, Moses Hess, Brian Swimme, David of Dinant, Juana de Ibarbourou, Abner Kneeland, Paul Harrison. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 241. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Peter "Pete" Seeger (born May 3, 1919) is an American folk singer and an iconic figure in the mid-20th century American folk music revival. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of The Weavers, most notably the 1950 recording of Leadbelly's "Goodnight, Irene", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of The Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, and for environmental causes. As a song writer, he is best known as the author or co-author of "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", "If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)" (composed with Lee Hays of The Weavers), and "Turn, Turn, Turn!", which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are still sung throughout the world. "Flowers" was a hit recording for The Kingston Trio (1962), Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French (1962), and Johnny Rivers (1965). "If I Had a Hammer" was a hit for Peter, Paul ... Read more

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Chapters: Baruch Spinoza, Stephen Jay Gould, Carl Sagan, Mordecai Kaplan, Uriel Da Costa, Elisha Ben Abuyah, Sherwin Wine, Hiwi Al-Balkhi, Leon of Modena, Eddie Tabash. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 112. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation. Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In the latter years of his life, Gould also taught biology and evolution at New York University near his home in SoHo. Gould's greatest contribution to science was the theory of punctuated equilibrium which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record. Most of Gould's empirical research was based on the land snails Poecilozonites and Cerion. He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and has received wide praise for his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny. In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields, or "magisteria", whose authorities do not overlap. Many of Gould's Natural History essays were reprinted in collected volumes, such as Ever Since Darwin and The Panda's Thumb, whil...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=27875 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Hugo Grotius, Uriel Da Costa, Cesare Cremonini, Henry More, Samuel Von Pufendorf, Baltasar Gracián, Antoine Arnauld, Petrus Cunaeus, Jacobus Arminius, Yamaga Sokō, Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi, Francisco Sanches, Péter Pázmány, Zera Yacob, François Poullain de La Barre, Hong Zicheng, Johannes Van Den Driesche, Ingeborg I Mjärhult, Giulio Pace, Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Lü Liuliang, Christopher Jacob Boström, Francesco D'andrea, Walda Heywat, Torquato Accetto, Gabrielle Suchon, Tang Zhen, Johann Sturm. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (Hebrew: , Portuguese: , Latin: ) (November 24, 1632 February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes' mindbody dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy's most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." Though Spinoza was active in the Dutch Jewish community and extremely well-versed in Jewish texts, his controversial ideas eventually led community leaders to issue a cherem (Hebrew: , a kind of excommunication) against him, effectively dismissing him from Jewish society at age 23. Some historians argue that the Roman Catholic Church forced them to do so. Other historians, notably Richard Popk...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3408 ... Read more