4.1. Locally Finitely Copresentable Categories

Recall that a set Y of objects in a category A is called a  cogenerating set provided that for a pair of maps (r1, r2): X ® T such that r1 ¹ r2 there exists an object R Î Y and a map g: T ® R such that g°r1 ¹ g°r2. If Y is a small set we say that Y is a small cogenerating set. If Y consists of a single object T then T is called a cogenerator for A. A cogenerating set Y is called strong provided that for each object X and each proper quotient of X there exists a map X ® R with R Î Y which does not factorize through that quotient. 

Suppose A is complete. Then a small set Y of objects is a cogenerating set iff every object is a subobject of a product of objects in Y; Y is a strong cogenerating set  iff every object is a strong subobject of a product of objects in Y. We say a set Y of objects is a regular cogenerating set if every object is a regular subobject of a product of objects in Y. 

An object X of a category A is finitely copresentable provided that the functor hom(~, X): Aop ® Set preserves directed colimits (or filtered colimits). 

Definition 4.1.1. A category A is called locally finitely copresentable if it is cocomplete and has a small set of finitely copresentable objects such that every object is an inverse limit of objects in the set. 

The dual notion is a locally finitely presentable category. 

We summarize the properties of a locally finitely copresentable category A which will be needed below (see [Gabriel and Ulmer 1971], [Johnstone 1982], [Adamek and Rosicky 1994], or [Borceux 1994, Vol II]): 

Remark 4.1.2. (a) A is complete and cocomplete. 
(b) Each object X has a small set of subobjects. Since the category is complete, this implies that any intersection of subobjects exist. Consequently, any intersection of strong subobjects exist, i.e. A is perfect
(c) The full subcategory Fin(A) of finitely copresentable objects is closed under finite limits and is essentially small (i.e. with a small skeleton). 
(d) Any map has an epi-strong-mono factorization (see (1.2.2.c)). 
(e) A complete category is locally finitely copresentable iff every object is an inverse limit of finitely copresentable objects and there exists, up to isomorphism, only a small set of finitely copresentable object (i.e. the full subcategory Fin(A) of finitely copresentable objects is essentially small). 
(f) A complete category is locally finitely copresentable iff it has a small strong cogenerating set formed by finitely copresentable objects. 
(e) If C is an essentially small category with finite limits we denote by Cart(C. Set) the category of finite-limit-preserving functors from C to Set. Then the opposite Cart(C, Set)op of Cart(C, Set) is locally finitely copresentable and C is equivalent to the subcategory of finitely copresentable objects of Cart(C, Set)op. Any locally finitely copresentable category A is equivalent to Cart(Fin(A). Set)op

Let A be a locally finitely copresentable category. A regular subobject (or regular mono) of an object is called finitely cogenerated if it is the equalizer of a pair of maps with a finitely copresentable object as codomain. 

Proposition 4.1.3. (a) Any regular subobject is an intersection of finitely cogenerated regular subobjects. 
(b) Any pullback of a finitely cogenerated regular subobject is finitely cogenerated. 
(c) Any finite intersection of finitely cogenerated regular subobjects is finitely cogenerated. 

Proof. (a) The collection of finitely copresentable objects is a set of cogenerators for A. Thus the assertion follows from (1.7.6). 
(b) follows from the definition. 
(c) Suppose u is a finite intersection of finitely cogenerated regular subobjects {ui: Ui ® X}, such that each ui is an equalizer of a pair of maps (ri, si): X ® Vi with finitely copresentable Vi. Let V be the products of Vi. Then V is also finitely copresentable by (4.1.2.c). Let r: X ® V be the map induced by the maps {ri}, and let s: X ® V be the map induced by the maps {si}. Then u is the equalizer of (r, s): X ® V with a finitely copresentable codomain. Thus u is finitely cogenerated. n 

Proposition 4.1.4. The following conditions are equivalent for a regular subobject V of an object X
(a) V is finitely cogenerated. 
(b) If the intersection of a collection {Vi} of regular subobjects is contained in V, then a finite intersection of objects in {Vi} is contained in V. 

Proof. First assume v: V ® X is the equalizer of a pair of maps (r, s): X ® C with a finitely copresentable codomain C. Suppose the intersection w: W ® X of a collection {wi: Wi ® X} of strong subobjects is contained in v. Let {wj: Wj ® X} be the collection of finite intersections of wi. Then w is the limit of the cofiltered systems {wj}. Since r°v = s°v, we have r°w = s°w. Since C is finitely copresentable, there is an object wj: Wj ® X such that r°wj = s°wj. Since v is the equalizer of (r, s), wj is contained in v. Since wj is a finite intersection of objects in {Wi}, this prove that (a) implies (b). 
Conversely, assume v: V ® X satisfies the condition (b). Since v is an intersection of finitely cogenerated regular subobjects by (4.1.3.a), it is a finite intersection of such subobjects. Thus v is finitely cogenerated by (4.1.3.c). n 

Proposition 4.1.5. Any composite of finitely cogenerated monos is finitely cogenerated.

Proof. Suppose U is a finitely cogenerated regular subobject of an object X and V a finitely cogenerated regular subobject of U. Consider a collection {Vi} of regular subobjects of X whose intersection is contained in V. Since the intersection of {Vi Ç U} is in V and V is finitely cogenerated in U, we can find a finite set {V1s Ç U}  whose intersection is in V. Since U is finitely cogenerated and the intersection of {Vi} is in U, we can find a finite set {V2s} whose intersection is in U. Then the intersection of the finite set {V1s, V2s} is contained in the intersection of {V1s Ç U}, thus is in V. This shows that V is finitely cogenerated in X by (4.1.4).  

Recall that a non-empty partially ordered set (i.e. a poset) is called directed  if each pair of elements has an upper bound. An element s of a poset (S, £) is called finite (or compact) provided that for each directed set T Í S with s £ Ú T there exists t Î T such that s £ t. An algebraic lattice is a poset (S, £) which is cocomplete and every element is a directed join of finite elements. 

Proposition 4.1.6. The dual of the lattice of regular subobjects of an object is an algebraic lattice. 

Proof. It follows from (4.1.4) that a finitely cogenerated subobject is a compact element in the dual of the lattice of regular subobjects of an object. The assertion then follows from (4.1.3.a). n 

Suppose Y is a  small strong cogenerating set formed by finitely copresentable objects. A regular subobject (or regular mono) of an object is called Y-principal if it is the equalizer of a pair of maps with a finitely copresentable object in Y as codomain. The proof of the following proposition is similar to that of (4.1.3):

Proposition 4.1.7. (a) Each Y-principal regular subobject is finitely cogenerated.
(b) Any regular subobject is an intersection of Y-principal regular subobjects.
(c) Any pullback of a Y-principal regular subobject is Y-principal. n

 

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