Geometry.Net - Philosophers: Aristotle

Aristotle's Virtue Ethics
Notes by Charles Ess.
http://www.drury.edu/faculty/ess/Reason/Aristotle.html

Extractions: Aristotle's Virtue Ethics Dr. Charles Ess - Philosophy and Religion Department - Drury University An Aristotelian vocabulary: "virtue" ( arete excellence in fulfillment of a particular function "happiness" (eudaimonia ) = a sense of well-being, resulting from achieving excellence in the fulfillment of one's functions, including the "species-specific" functions of reason (both theoretical and practical) Epistemological comment: Aristotle observes that each "science" ("knowledge," episteme ) such as mathematics, ethics, politics, psychology, biology, physics, etc. admits of a given degree of certainty and demonstration. ("Knowledge comes in different flavors.") It is the mark of an educated human being - i.e., one who has explored the different sciences with some care - to know what degree of certainty and demonstration is appropriate to each one. In particular, the educated human being will know that the same degree of certainty and demonstration is not possible in ethics that is possible in mathematics. There are important reasons for this claim - reasons surrounding the following passage. In speaking of the mean (between excess and defect) towards which our actions should aim, Aristotle notes:
The Philosophy Of Aristotle - Page 1
A series of essays on aristotle and Aristotelian philosophy, and criticism from a radical perspective.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers aristotle The Philosophy of aristotle. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. The Life of aristotle.aristotle (picture) was born at Stagira, a Greek colony of
http://radicalacademy.com/philaristotle1.htm

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Ethics Of Isocrates, Aristotle, And Diogenes
An article about his life and context by Sanderson Beck.
http://www.san.beck.org/EC22-Aristotle.html#7
Aristotle Et Al.
Jacques Maritain Center. aristotle et al. Readings for Philosophers andCatholics. aristotle and the Christian Church by Brother Azarias (1888).
http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/aristotl.htm
Category [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy]
Used to describe fundamental divisions, was coined by aristotle then explored by Kant, Hegel, Pierce, Whitehead, and Ryle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/category.htm

Extractions: The term "category" comes from the Greek word kategoria , which is derived from kata ("against") and agoreuein ("to assert"). In Philosophy, the term means ultimate or fundamental divisions or kinds. Several schemes of categories have been offered in the history of philosophy. These schemes are sometimes descriptions of different kinds of things. At other times, they are different ways of thinking or talking about things in the world. To say that two things belong to completely different categories is to say that they have literally nothing in common, and we cannot apply the same descriptions to both unless we speak metaphorically. Aristotle was the first to use the term category in philosophy. He adapted "categoria" from the legal language, which meant "accusation," and used it to mean that which is asserted about something. Aristotle distinguished between several types of categories including kind, quality, quantity or size, relation, location, time or date, action, and undergoing. For Kant, a category is any of the twelve forms or relating principles of the understanding, constituting necessary conditions of experience. Kant sought to derive an exhaustive list of pure forms of the understanding from the forms of judgment in the traditional logic: quantity, quality, relation, and modality. His list comprises three of each. Hegel meant by categories the ideas which explain reality. He used a triad principle and generated around 272 categories. But Hegel also stated that categories were many and their exact number cannot be determined until the system of reality is completely explained. He thus marks a shift in the meaning of "category" as simply any basic notion, concept, or principle in a system of philosophy. Pierce held that categories are the most general terms into which experience can be divided. They reflect three types of predicates or relations, and his three main categories are "firstness," "secondness," and "thirdness." These terms stand for "monadic," "dyadic," and "polyadic" respectively.
ClassicNotes: Aristotle
Short biography of aristotle written by Harvard students.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers aristotle aristotle. Biography of aristotle. About the Author. aristotle was born in 384BC, in Stagira, near Macedonia at the northern end of the Aegean Sea.
http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Authors/about_aristotle.html

Extractions: Aristotle was born in 384 BC, in Stagira, near Macedonia at the northern end of the Aegean Sea. His father, Nicomachus, was the family physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. It is believed that Aristotle's ancestors had been the physicians of the Macedonian royal family for several generations. Having come from a long line of physicians, Aristotle received training and education that inclined his mind toward the study of natural phenomena. This education had long-lasting influences, and was probably the root cause of his less idealistic stand on philosophy as opposed to Plato. Aristotle's father died when he was a boy, and Aristotle was left under the care of his guardian Proxenus. When Aristotle was seventeen, Proxenus sent him to study at Plato's Academy in Athens, the heart of the intellectual world at the time. Aristotle remained at the Academy for twenty years, until Plato's death in 347 BC. Although Aristotle was Plato's most promising student, Aristotle did not succeed Plato as head of the Academy because of their opposing views on several fundamental philosophical issues, specifically regarding Plato's theory of ideas. As has already been noted, Aristotle was more concerned than Plato with the actual material world, and did not believe that the only thing that mattered is the realm of ideas and perfect forms.
Guardian Unlimited Politics | Election 2001
Full coverage news, comment and analysis, audio and video, campaigns, manifestos, candidates, polls, debates and archives. Interactive Ask aristotle feature.
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/election2001/

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Aristotle's Christmas On The Web 2003
In the spirit of the season aristotle brings you tasty recipes, Christmas Trivia,a tale of Santa Claus, postcards to send to friends and family around the
http://www.saint-nick.com/
Christmas Recipes - The 12 Tastes Of Christmas From Aristotle
Choose from a delicious assortment of recipes for your holiday goodie trayCategory Home Cooking Holidays ChristmasHere are some favorite recipes from aristotle friends family. Day 1 PlumCake. Sponsored by aristotle Designed and Programmed by aristotle®.
http://www.saint-nick.com/recipes/

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Aristotle's Astronomy
The Perseus Digital Library is Being Updated. Notice. The main Perseusweb site (at Tufts) is unavailable from 500 to 600, US Eastern
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Tom/AristotleAstro.html

Extractions: Aristotle's Astronomy by Thomas Fowler Look at the comments on this paper. To the modern reader, Aristotle 's views on astronomy, as presented in Metaphysics Physics De Caelo On the Heavens ) and Simplicius' Commentary , will most likely seem very bizarre, as they are based more on a priori philosophical speculation than empirical observation. Although Aristotle acknowledged the importance of "scientific" astronomy - the study of the positions, distances and motions of the stars - he nevertheless treated astronomy in the abstract, linking it to his overall philosophical world picture. As a result, the modern distinction between physics and metaphysics is not present in Aristotle, and in order to fully appreciate him we must try to abandon this pre-conception. De Caelo Book II , chapter 14) That the celestial bodies must also be spherical in shape, can be determined by observation. In the case of the stars, Aristotle argued that they would have to be spherical, as this shape, which is the most perfect, allows them to retain their positions. ( De Caelo Book II , chapter 11) By Aristotle's time
Perseus Encyclopedia
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia?entry=Aristotle
Aristotle's Metaphysics
aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/

Extractions: JAN Metaphysics Physics ta phusika ). In this entry, we discuss the ideas that are developed in Aristotle's treatise. [Not yet available] Bibliography Other Internet Resources Related Entries In Metaphysics sophia ) to deal with the first causes ( aitia ) and the principles ( archai Physics Physics x qua y , then, is a study of x that concerns itself solely with the y aspect of x .2, Aristotle adds that for this this reason it studies the causes and principles of substances ( ousiai Finally, we may note that in Book B, Aristotle delineates his subject matter in a different way, by listing the problems or perplexities ( aporiai Metaphysics contains definitive solutions to all of these perplexities. To understand the problems and project of Aristotle's Metaphysics , it is best to begin with one of his earlier works, the Categories . Although placed by long tradition among his logical works (see the discussion in the entry on Aristotle's logic ), due to its analysis of the terms that make up the propositions out of which deductive inferences are constructed, the
Encyclopædia Britannica
aristotle Encyclopædia Britannica Article. More than any other thinker,aristotle determined the orientation and the content of Western,
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=114501
V. Markin. Aristotle's Singular Negative Syllogistic And Free Logic
Article by V.I. Markin, Moscow State University.
http://www.logic.ru/Engl/depart/Markin1.htm

Extractions: (In: Logical Investigations. Vol. 4. Moscow: Nauka, 1997, in Russian) Abstract Assertoric Aristotle's syllogistic formulated in the opening chapters of Prior Analytics deals with categorical propositions containing only general positive (primitive) terms. However, some fragments of his tractates contain many examples of reasoning including propositions with singular and negative terms, he pointed out certain types of valid and invalid inferences of this kind, formulated truth definitions for such propositions. The purpose of the paper is to reconstruct Aristotelian type singular negative syllogistic by means of modern logic. I introduce the formal language of syllogistic with singular and negative terms that reflects the peculiarity of their usage by Aristotle. According to him, a singular term occurs only as a subject but never as a predicate, singular propositions are considered as a special kind of propositions which couldn't be reduced to universal or particular ones, negative terms can be constructed only from general terms. The alphabet contains a list of primitive general terms, a list of singular terms, term negation operator (it forms general negative term S from a general term S ), usual syllogistic constants
NON-CONTRADICTION.COM - Aristotle And Aristotelianism
Database of information about aristotle and Aristotelian philosophy.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers aristotleA free central place for information about aristotle and Aristotelianphilosophy. format. Take aristotle along on your PocketPC.
http://www.non-contradiction.com/

Extractions: He who examines the most general features of existence, must investigate also the principles of reasoning. For he who gets the best grasp of his respective subject will be most able to discuss its basic principles. So that he who gets the best grasp of existing things qua existing must be able to discuss the basic principles of all existence; and he is the philosopher. And the most certain principle of all is that about which it is impossible to be mistaken... It is clear, then, that such a principle is the most certain of all and we can state it thus: "It is impossible for the same thing at the same time to belong and not belong to the same thing at the same time and in the same respect."
Aristotle. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
2001. aristotle. ( r´´ st t´ l) (KEY) , 384322 BC, Greek philosopher, b.Stagira. 1. Life. aristotles father, Nicomachus, was a noted physician.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/ar/Aristotl.html

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Aristotle
University of Michigan site explaining how the Greek philosopher believed in a geocentric universe Category Society Philosophy Philosophers aristotle
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/people/ancient_epoch/aristotle.html

Extractions: Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived between 384-322 B.C. He was one of the greatest thinkers of the world and his written works encompassed all major areas of thought. Aristotle mistakenly believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and made up of only four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. He also thought that celestial bodies such as the sun moon , and stars, were perfect and divine, and made of a fifth element called ether.
Guardian Unlimited Politics | Aristotle | Luff, Peter
Information about the MP for Witney includes contact details and biography plus parliament jobs and committees, voting record and entries in the Register of Members' Interests.
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,,-3228.html

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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA Aristotle
Click here. aristotle. During the thirteen years (335322) which he spent as teacherat the Lyceum, aristotle composed the greater number of his writings.
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/01713a.htm
The Philosophy Of Hans-Georg Gadamer
This volume sheds new light on Gadamer's relation to Plato, aristotle, Kant, Hegel, and especially on his complex relationship to Heidegger.
http://www.siu.edu/~philos/llp/HGG.html

Extractions: (Volume XXIV, 1997) The Philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer at Amazon.com Hans-Georg Gadamer, one of the outstanding exponents of hermeneutics, is also a master of hermeneutic praxis. His influence on thinking in the humanities has been profound. The two main foci of his work have been Greek philosophy, especially Plato, and hermeneutics, but his interests range widely. This volume sheds new light on Gadamer's relation to Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, and especially on his complex relationship to Heidegger, in which Gadamer moved from discipleship to an independent position. Hans-Georg Gadamer: Intellectual Autobiography

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